List of Acid-Base Indicators

An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or a weak base. The undissociated form of the indicator is a different color than the iogenic form of the indicator. An Indicator does not change color from pure acid to pure alkaline at specific hydrogen ion concentration, but rather, color change occurs over a range of hydrogen ion concentrations. This range is termed the color change interval. It is expressed as a pH range. How Indicators Are Used Weak acids are titrated in the presence of indicators which change under slightly alkaline conditions. Weak bases should be titrated in the presence of indicators which change under slightly acidic conditions. Common Acid-Base Indicators Several acid-base indicators are listed below, some more than once if they can be used over multiple pH ranges. The quantity of indicator in aqueous (aq.) or alcohol (alc.) solution is specified. Tried-and-true indicators include thymol blue, tropeolin OO, methyl yellow, methyl orange, bromphenol blue, bromcresol green, methyl red, bromthymol blue, phenol red, neutral red, phenolphthalein, thymolphthalein, alizarin yellow, tropeolin O, nitramine, and trinitrobenzoic acid. Data in this table are for sodium salts of thymol blue, bromphenol blue, tetrabromphenol blue, bromcresol green, methyl red, bromthymol blue, phenol red, and cresol red. Primary References Langes Handbook of Chemistry, 8th Edition, Handbook Publishers Inc., 1952.​Volumetric Analysis, Kolthoff Stenge, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1942 and 1947. Table of Common Acid-Base Indicators Indicator pH Range Quantity per 10 ml Acid Base Thymol Blue 1.2-2.8 1-2 drops 0.1% soln. in aq. red yellow Pentamethoxy red 1.2-2.3 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 70% alc. red-violet colorless Tropeolin OO 1.3-3.2 1 drop 1% aq. soln. red yellow 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2.4-4.0 1-2 drops 0.1% soln. in 50% alc. colorless yellow Methyl yellow 2.9-4.0 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 90% alc. red yellow Methyl orange 3.1-4.4 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. red orange Bromphenol blue 3.0-4.6 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow blue-violet Tetrabromphenol blue 3.0-4.6 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow blue Alizarin sodium sulfonate 3.7-5.2 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow violet -Naphthyl red 3.7-5.0 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 70% alc. red yellow p-Ethoxychrysoidine 3.5-5.5 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. red yellow Bromcresol green 4.0-5.6 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow blue Methyl red 4.4-6.2 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. red yellow Bromcresol purple 5.2-6.8 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow purple Chlorphenol red 5.4-6.8 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow red Bromphenol blue 6.2-7.6 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow blue p-Nitrophenol 5.0-7.0 1-5 drops 0.1% aq. soln. colorless yellow Azolitmin 5.0-8.0 5 drops 0.5% aq. soln. red blue Phenol red 6.4-8.0 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow red Neutral red 6.8-8.0 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 70% alc. red yellow Rosolic acid 6.8-8.0 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 90% alc. yellow red Cresol red 7.2-8.8 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow red -Naphtholphthalein 7.3-8.7 1-5 drops 0.1% soln. in 70% alc. rose green Tropeolin OOO 7.6-8.9 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow rose-red Thymol blue 8.0-9.6 1-5 drops 0.1% aq. soln. yellow blue Phenolphthalein 8.0-10.0 1-5 drops 0.1% soln. in 70% alc. colorless red -Naphtholbenzein 9.0-11.0 1-5 drops 0.1% soln. in 90% alc. yellow blue Thymolphthalein 9.4-10.6 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 90% alc. colorless blue Nile blue 10.1-11.1 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. blue red Alizarin yellow 10.0-12.0 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow lilac Salicyl yellow 10.0-12.0 1-5 drops 0.1% soln. in 90% alc. yellow orange-brown Diazo violet 10.1-12.0 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow violet Tropeolin O 11.0-13.0 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. yellow orange-brown Nitramine 11.0-13.0 1-2 drops 0.1% soln in 70% alc. colorless orange-brown Poirriers blue 11.0-13.0 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. blue violet-pink Trinitrobenzoic acid 12.0-13.4 1 drop 0.1% aq. soln. colorless orange-red

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart And The Classical Era - 1381 Words

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a brilliant composer from the classical era. He lived a short life; however, he was able to compose many great pieces of music before he passed away. One of his famous pieces is his Eine Kleine Nachtmusik piece that he wrote in 1787. The piece can be observed as good from a Christian perspective. Art is meant to be felt and not just heard or seen. Mozart was born in Austria in 1756 to a musically inclined family. He put together his first concerto at the age of five. Before he reached the age of six he was playing in the Bavarian courts and in the houses of the noble. His father, Leopold, saw him as a miracle child sent from God. He traveled all over Europe and played for some of the most prestigious people before he was even ten years old. By the age of thirteen, he had written multiple symphonies and began touring with his Italian operatic style (Mozart, 2015). One of his most popular pieces for the Church was entitled, Litaniae de venerabili altaris sacramento. In this piece, he used a range of styles and was known for using fugues and dramatic expressions. At the age of twenty-five, he decided to marry Constanze Weber, the daughter of a family friend. Together they had six children of only which two survived. He continued to compose music for all genres and many popular operas such as Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Die Zauberflà ¶te. In 1791, he contracted the rheumatic inflammatory fever and passed away early at the ageShow MoreRelatedWolfgang Amadeus Mozart As A Composer Of The Classical Era2306 Words   |  10 PagesWolfgang Amadeus Mozart once said, Music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music.  If you have ever heard of his music, you would understand how much truth is in that quote. Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 and he was a composer of the Classical era. He was born in Salzburg and ever since he was a child has always showed his interest in the category of music. He was the son of Leopold and AnnaRead More Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : A Influential Composer Of The Classical Era1003 Words   |  5 Pages Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was brought into the world on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, Austria.. Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical Era. His parents were Leopold and Maria Pertl Mozart. Mozart showed musical talent at a very young age. At the age of 5 mozart was composing minuets. At the age of 6 he played before the Bavarian Elector and the Austrian Empress. His father taught him, which teaching Mozart wasn’t hard because he knew a lot already, his father was his largestRead MoreThe History And Transitions Of Music933 Words   |  4 PagesHaydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. 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A very important composer whose music is still heard today is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His fame and great works in music changed throughout his childhood, middle age, and his final years. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born inRead MoreThe Aesthetic Qualities Of A Musical Selection From Space Odyssey1568 Words   |  7 Pagesof music. I appreciate and enjoy listening to classical, opera, rap, hip-hop, country, contemporary and Mexican music. When I signed up for Music Appreciation, I was excited to learn more about the history of music and the instruments used. I wanted to learn what to listen for and how to understand the different types of music. There are many styles of music from different eras. 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Antigone And Creon (2406 words) Essay Example For Students

Antigone And Creon (2406 words) Essay Antigone And CreonMany dramatic theorists have documented their opinions of Sophocles tragic play Antigone. They have presented their interpretations as to the motives and moral character of Antigone and Creon. I will attempt to encapsulate the basic logic behind the arguments of the critics Brian Vickers, A.C. Bradley (who interprets Hegel), and H. D. F. Kitto, and venture my own humble opinion as to their validity. Brian Vickers clearly favors the character of Antigone. He challenges Hegel and Hegels view that both Creon and Antigone were essentially right in their beliefs. Vickers sums up Hegels theories in a single diagram (Vickers 526), showing Creon and Antigone as forces in antithetical opposition. I believe that Hegels theories of tragedy, as explained by A.C. Bradley, encompass much more than a simple diagram. Hegel thought that Creon and Antigone represented these forces, but not necessarily that they were diametrically opposed. Hegel thought that the tragedy of Antigone was that the beliefs of Antigone and Creon forced them into opposition, because their beliefs were valid and just, though they did not go about practicing their beliefs in a valid and just manner. Vickers presents the notion that Sophocles himself favored the character of Antigone, since Sophocles never criticized her. With this I must disagree; there were many aspects of Antigones character that Sophocles would not have included had he viewed her as above reproach. For instance, she is dreadfully overbearing and righteous. While Sophocles clearly showed he could paint the picture of a sympathetic character if he so chose in Oedipus the King, I believe that he deliberately made Antigone, frankly, a much more bitchy character than Oedipus. Oedipus displays sympathy and is emotive in ways that Antigone simply isnt, and that makes Oedipus the King much more tragic than Antigone. Here, Oedipus demonstrates his compassionate nature when he tells the plague-stricken citizens of Thebes how he feels for their distress (Sophocles 48):Poor children! You may be sure I knowAll that you longed for in your coming here. I know that you are deathly sick; and yet,Sick as you are, not one is as sick as I. Each of you suffers in himself aloneHis anguish, not anothers; but my spiritGroans for the city, for myself, for you. Oedipus will not be deterred in his search for the truth, no matter who tries to persuade him to abandon the quest (Sophocles 64): Oedipus: Do you know anything about him, Lady? Is he the manwe summoned? Is that the man this shepherd means?Jocasta: Why think of him? Forget this herdsman. Forget itall. This talk is a waste of time. Oedipus: How can you say that, when the clues to my birth arein my hands?Jocasta: For Gods love, let us have no more questioning! Isyour life nothing to you? My own is pain enough forme to bear. Oedipus: You need not worry. Suppose my mother a slave, andborn of slaves: no baseness can touch you. Jocasta: Listen to me, I beg you: do not do this thing!Oedipus: I will not listen; the truth must be made known. Oedipus conscious choice to pursue and accept his doom makes him a tragic figure. Bernard M. W. Knox, author of The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy, points out that the hero has to choose between his doom and an alternative which if accepted would betray the heros own conception of himself, his rights, hisduties, but in the end the hero refuses to yield; he remains true to himself, to his physis, that nature which he inherited from his parents and which is his identity. (Knox 106) Therefore, one can see Oedipuss unwavering insistence to uncover the truth about the murder of Laius, and then about himself, as proof of the heros resolute commitment to uphold his own nature. Oedipus unyielding quest for the truth fits his self image as a man of action, the revealer of truth, and the solver of riddles. Knox adds that the heros determination to act is always announced in emphatic, uncompromising terms. (Knox 22). Oedipus proclaims his intention of finding Laius killers by sayi ng, Then once more I must bring what is dark to light. (Sophocles 49). The hero cannot be swayed by threats nor reason; he will not capitulate. Creon, after being accused by Oedipus of conspiring against the king, retorted, You do wrong when you take good men for bad, bad men for good. . . . In time you will know this well. (Sophocles 58). Oedipus, however, never learns in time; he remains unchanged. Oedipus, after his terrible self-mutilation, realizes that he treated Creon unjustly: Alas, how can I speak to him? What right have I to beg his courtesy whom I deeply wronged? (Sophocles 70). But later, Creon has to remind Oedipus that he is no longer king when he starts issuing imperious commands such as: But let me go, Creon!; Take pity on them; see, they are only children, friendless except for you.; Promise me this, Great Prince, and give me your hand in token of it.; No! Do not take them from me! (Sophocles 71). Sir. Baldric and The Evil Threshmit EssayOn to Hegel: Macbeth is as far removed as possible from Antigone, but is still of one nature (Bradley 89) with it. The death of Macbeth is much less tragic than Antigone, because Macbeth wasnt essentially a good man. Antigone was following the edicts of the gods in burying her brother and was doing rightly as far as she knew. I would agree that Macbeths death is less tragic, yet I feel worse for him than I do for Antigone. At least Macbeth was an emotive, passionate man, not a righteous machine. Hegel believes that all other things in tragedies being equal, the tragedy with the hero as a good man is more tragic than as a bad. The more spiritual value, i.e. Antigone doing her deed for spiritual purposes, the more tragedy in conflict and waste. The more evil a character, the less tragic his circumstances. Moral evil diminishes the spiritual value of personality. Because Antigone and Creon are trying to do what they feel is right at heart, their conflict has much stronger implications than the conflicts in MacBeth, since MacBeth was a murderer who wanted to ascend to the throne. Which is not to say that MacBeth isnt a tragedy, because it is much more than just a conflict between good and evil. Hegel believes that ethical or universal ends and justice have nothing to do with catastrophe. A tragic action is a self-division, or internal conflict, and the catastrophe is the annulment of this division, but this is only half of Hegels ideas. A catastrophe has two aspects, negative and affirmative. It is a power which is irresistible and inescapable, and negates anything incompatible with it. But if a catastrophe were only such an unintelligent, characterless force, it would invoke feelings of horror, with is not a feeling associated with tragedy (like pity and fear). It is also the source of our feelings of reconciliation. The catastrophe is the violent restitution of the divided spiritual unity, and some sort of projection of the division in the hero. So that there is some sort of paradoxical feeling in the inevitable death of the hero, when we die with him, yet exult or feel that his death means nothing. The hero escapes the power which killed him. Of the three critics and theorists, I relate to Hegel the most. He knows that Antigone and Creon are flawed beings, though they do what they feel is morally right. He realizes that they take their morality and let it become their personalities and define their actions, instead of just influencing them. And therefore, though worthy of sympathy, they are the masters of their fates, and choose their respective dooms. Hegel believed that the tragedy of Antigone lies in the conflict between the rules of the state and the rules of man. It is unfortunate that these two forces must be in opposition, and therefore their practitioners or champions in this particular case have to be in opposition as well. I agree with this; the tragedy is in the circumstances that pit two essentially right forces against each other. The morality of the characters determines the course of the tragedy, and their personalities and convictions determine the emotional power for the reader. English Essays

Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essay Example

Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essay Your Analysis To Show How Dickens Represents Men In The Novel. The extract introduces Mr. Bounder to the reader. He is introduced as being a proud, arrogant, factual man, displaying his dominance and is used by Dickens to represent men in the novel. This idea of Bounders pride and dominance is not unexpected due to the stigmas of the era, men were generally considered to be better, more capable than women. His factual nature Is also typical as It represents the theme of fact and fancy that Dickens has used throughout the book. Firstly Dickens makes It clear that Bounder is successful through the use of the ascendancy list he was a rich man; banker, merchant, manufacturer and what not which shows his some of his accomplishments in life as well as how influential he was in industry. This could be interpreted to demonstrate the many pursuits that are available to men, and their dominance of the business world. Mr. Granddad Is also mentioned briefly in the extract as Bounders eminently practical friend using the motif to represent him. The multiple modifiers suggest that the nature of men is very sensible, factual and elastic. We will write a custom essay sample on Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dickens uses the appearance of Mr. Bounder to give the audience an impression of the representation of men throughout Hard Times. The reader is introduced to Bounder as a big loud man, with a stare and metallic laugh. This dramatic declarative uses a metaphor to show how Inhuman, or emotionless/ detached men and Bounder can be, the metallic laugh suggests a certain coldness and robotic nature. The multiple modifiers In great puffed head and forehead indicates the intelligence of Mr. Bounder while also suggesting that he may be big headed and full of himself. This view is supported by the simile a man with a pervading appearance on him of being inflated like a balloon showing that Bounder is over inflated, full of wind and self importance. Dickens describes that Bounder talks with a brassy speaking-trumpet of a voice-Walt this metaphor showing that he talks blasting out what he has to say. It also links to the Idiom blowing your own trumpet, again showing how full of himself this character Is. This is again demonstrated with the noun phrases coarse material, swelled veins stained skin, although these also illustrate how undesirable and horrible Bounder is. Dickens states that he had not much hair. One might have fancied he had talked it off. The dramatic declarative uses a metaphor to indicate that Bounder is always speaking In order to get his pollen across. Furthermore it suggests that his factual nature may grow rather boring. Bounders hair Is also said to be constantly blown about by his windy boastfulness this metaphor may suggest that half the things he says are not true, or exaggerated. Through the appearance of Mr. Bounder Dickens gives a very harsh view of men, it seems he represents them as being egotistical, and lull of self-importance, as well as being generally unpleasant. They are also however shown to be practical and pragmatic. Dickens also uses Bounders actions and behavior throughout the extract to represent men In Hard Times. Dickens states and adverb sufficiently vaunt show that Bounder felt that there was never enough said about him and his less desirable past. The verb proclaiming also suggests this, demonstrating pride and arrogance. Bounder is named the Bully of humility in a metaphor indicating that he tramples over honesty, discretion and humbleness, heartsickness that tend to portray fancy rather than facts. As Bounder talks, he takes a commanding position which to subdue Mrs. Grandkid. The verbs, commanding and subdue show how he is pushing her down and putting her in her place, they additionally demonstrate the different social standings of men and women, women are lower while men are dominant. In conclusion, Dickens has used the descriptions of Mr. Bounders appearance and actions to demonstrate his representations of men throughout Hard Times. Men are shown to be egotistical, factual and rather unpleasant throughout.

Definition and Examples of Conduplicatio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Conduplicatio in Rhetoric Conduplicatio is a  rhetorical term for the repetition of one or more words in successive clauses. Also called  reduplicatio or reduplication. According to the Rhetorica ad Herennium (c. 90 BC), the purpose of conduplicatio is usually either amplification or an appeal to pity. Examples and Observations Where have all the flowers gone?Long time passing.Where have all the flowers gone?Long time ago.Where have all the flowers gone?Girls have picked them every one.When will they ever learn?When will they ever learn? (Pete Seeger and Joe Hickerson, Where Have All the Flowers Gone?) The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries. (Winston Churchill) Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called sons of God.Blessed are they that have been persecuted for righteousness sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. (Jesus, Sermon on the Mount, Matthew 5:3-10) We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children. (Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, 1963) Then thou thy regal Sceptre shalt lay be,For regal Sceptre then no more shall need,God shall be All in All. But all ye Gods,Adore him, who to compass all this dies,Adore the Son, an honor him as mee. (John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book III, lines 339-343) Now the trumpet summons us againnot as a call to bear arms, though arms we neednot as a call to battle, though embattled we arebut a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation, a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself. (President John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961) Multiple Cases of Duplicatio Cases of conduplicatio can be combined, as in this fine case where several nouns and modifiers (empire, revenue, army, worst) are repeated to create a tightly wound effect: I allow, indeed, that the Empire of Germany raises her revenue and her troops by quotas and contingents; but the revenue of the Empire and the army of the Empire is the worst revenue and the worst army in the world.[Edmund] Burke, Speech on Conciliation With the Colonies, 1775 The double use of conduplicatio. A classic pattern in the use of this scheme involves two initial claims, each of which is then repeated with elaboration or reasons for it.... We are dregs and scum, sir: the dregs very filthy, the scum very superior.[George Bernard] Shaw, Man and Superman, 1903 (Ward Farnsworth, Farnsworths Classical English Rhetoric. David R. Godine, 2011)

Free Essays on William Bradford Vs John Smith

Graham Anderson 2/07/02 William Bradford vs. John Smith It does not take close scrutiny to see that both John Smith’s essay â€Å"A Description of New England,† and the excerpts from Of Plymouth Plantation, by William Bradford, are both a collogue of elaborated ad dilated truths. Obviously, one cannot â€Å"kill in one day with his hook and line one, two, or three hundred cods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as John Smith stated on page 21. Or overlook the exaggeration of William Bradford when he said about the Indians â€Å"the barbarians showed them no small kindness in refreshing them, but these savage barbarians, when they met them were readier to fill their sides with arrows than otherwise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One must in this reading look to all sources and beneath the covering of opinions to find the real truth. Looking at these writings it must be taken into consideration that both men were writing from different perspectives, and for different reasons. William Bradford for instance, had just come ashore to an unknown land during the height of winter. After completing a three month voyage with roughly 120 people on a ship that was only 90 feet long and 23 feet wide, and loosing his wife along the way, an ill outlook on life is better a state than many would have in his situation. Later on however, Bradford makes another statement saying that â€Å"others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"besides water foul there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took plenty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  page 20. It seems that Bradford made his comments too quickly, and turned his judgment another way. John Smith wrote in his essay on page 21, â€Å"Here nature and liberty afford us that which in England we want, or it costs us dearly.† In his essay Smith elaborates thickly upon small truths to get his sales pitch heard. Luckily for him readers in England at the time knew only what they heard from d... Free Essays on William Bradford Vs John Smith Free Essays on William Bradford Vs John Smith Graham Anderson 2/07/02 William Bradford vs. John Smith It does not take close scrutiny to see that both John Smith’s essay â€Å"A Description of New England,† and the excerpts from Of Plymouth Plantation, by William Bradford, are both a collogue of elaborated ad dilated truths. Obviously, one cannot â€Å"kill in one day with his hook and line one, two, or three hundred cods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as John Smith stated on page 21. Or overlook the exaggeration of William Bradford when he said about the Indians â€Å"the barbarians showed them no small kindness in refreshing them, but these savage barbarians, when they met them were readier to fill their sides with arrows than otherwise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One must in this reading look to all sources and beneath the covering of opinions to find the real truth. Looking at these writings it must be taken into consideration that both men were writing from different perspectives, and for different reasons. William Bradford for instance, had just come ashore to an unknown land during the height of winter. After completing a three month voyage with roughly 120 people on a ship that was only 90 feet long and 23 feet wide, and loosing his wife along the way, an ill outlook on life is better a state than many would have in his situation. Later on however, Bradford makes another statement saying that â€Å"others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"besides water foul there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took plenty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  page 20. It seems that Bradford made his comments too quickly, and turned his judgment another way. John Smith wrote in his essay on page 21, â€Å"Here nature and liberty afford us that which in England we want, or it costs us dearly.† In his essay Smith elaborates thickly upon small truths to get his sales pitch heard. Luckily for him readers in England at the time knew only what they heard from d...

Community safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Community safety - Essay Example In multi-storey buildings, the number of occupants is also more than in single dwellings. The increased population density gives rise to a greater risk of fires and other hazards. The increased height compared to other low height buildings and houses requires specific management strategies employed for large structures and necessitates the need for special fire safety systems and measures. Moreover, buildings which are under construction pose greater risks for domestic fires to the occupants. The need for an effective fire safety system becomes even more urgent if the occupants are migrant workers. Changes in the electricity and gas supplies by occupants can significantly increase the potential for a domestic fire. This paper attempts to examine fire safety strategies that can be employed to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities as a result of domestic fires in multi-occupancy high-rise buildings which are under construction and provide overpopulated temporary housing for migr ant workers. One of the major risks that an overpopulated high rise structure presents is the problem of evacuation. In the case of evacuation during a fire emergency, a large number of occupants inside the building can increase the time taken to evacuate. Many buildings do not have a sufficient number of staircases and fire escapes. Evacuation measures also delay the fire suppression by firefighters. This causes more spread of the fire, and even more damage to the property, not to mention the increased fatalities and injuries that will accompany the spread of the fire to other parts of the building. Evacuation measures are also hampered by the lack of internal staircases to protect from smoke and fumes. The heat emitted from the fire can also cause injuries and burns. The problem of limited stairwells becomes even more acute in a building that is under construction and is overpopulated. Not only would it be difficult to evacuate the building,